district heating||4th generation district heating||data mining algorithms||energy system modeling||neural networks||baseline model||hydronic pavement system||biomass district heating for rural locations||CO2 emissions abatement||low temperature networks||ultralow-temperature district heating||domestic||optimization||energy efficiency||sustainable energy||big data frameworks||verification||energy prediction||parameter analysis||greenhouse gas emissions||time delay||heat pumps||primary energy use||retrofit||energy consumption forecast||district heating (DH) network||low-temperature district heating||thermal inertia||variable-temperature district heating||data streams analysis||Computational Fluid Dynamics||energy management in renovated building||Scotland||heat reuse||thermally activated cooling||district cooling||space cooling||Gulf Cooperation Council||biomass||TRNSYS||hot climate||optimal control||air-conditioning||machine learning||low temperature district heating system||data center||twin-pipe||residential||prediction algorithm||CFD model||nZEB||thermal-hydraulic performance